What Fascism? Lukács, Heidegger, Schmitt, and National Socialism
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
Apr 22, 2025
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
This paper considers Carl Schmitt’s and Martin Heidegger’s Nazism and their apologetic receptions among the broadly post-structuralist intellectual Left, as a critical illustration of the unsettling prescience of Lukács’ often-maligned 1950s analyses of irrationalism in theory, and its historical connections to fascism. It does this by positioning Lukács’ Marxian position in pointed contrast to the more recent apologetics that have widely surrounded these thinkers’ Nazism. We revisit Lukács’ reading of Heidegger in DR, and, his reading of Schmitt. These parts show how Lukács’ critiques were able already in the early 1950s to lucidly diagnose the two thinkers’ Nazism, by building upon an historically materialist analysis of the politico-economic factors in later 19th century-early 20th century Germany, and situating Heidegger and Schmitt within a lineage of German irrationalism which responded to these factors. We contend that the predominant responses from poststructuralist-influenced thinkers to the disclosures of the political stances of Schmitt and Heidegger, far from allowing critical thinkers to adequately conceive and combat the ideas underlying National Socialism and kindred political forms today, illustrate what Lukács in DR described as an immanent tendency within irrationalism towards apologetics, a narrowing of scope, and a decline in scholarly standards, whose prospects for the socialist Left are at best ambivalent.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Heidegger, Schmitt, Nazism, post-structuralism, Lukács
References
Agamben, G. 1998. Homo Sacer. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Badiou, A. 2014. “Lettre d’Alain Badiou à propos d’une recension autour de Faye/Heidegger sur Actu Philosophia.” http://strassdelaphilosophie.blogspot.fr/2014/04/lettre-dalain-badiou-propos-dune. html.
Balakrishnan, G. 2000. The Enemy: An Intellectual Portrait of Carl Schmitt. London: Verso.
Bendersky, J. 1983. Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Björk, M. & J. 2019. Heidegger’s Black Notebooks and the Future of Theology. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chandler, D. 2008. “The Revival of Carl Schmitt in International Relations: The Last Refuge of Critical Theorists?” Millennium–Journal of International Studies vol 37(1): 27-48.
Chapoutot, J. (2012). Le nazisme et l’Antiquité. Paris: PUF.
Cusset, F. 2008. French Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, & Co. Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States. Translated by J. Fort. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Derrida, J. 1989-90. “The Force of Law: The Mystical Bases of Authority”. Translated by M. Quaintance. Cardozo Law Review 11: 920-1045.
Di Cesare, D. 2018. Heidegger and the Jews: The Black Notebooks. Cambridge: Polity.
Eksteins, M. 2002. The Rites of Spring. The Great War and the Birth of Modern Culture. Houghton Mifflin.
Farin, I. & Malpas, G. 2016. Reading Heidegger’s “Black notebooks: 1931-1941. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Faye, E. 2009. Martin Heidegger: The Introduction of Nazism Into Philosophy. Trans by Michael B. Smith. Yale: Yale University Press.
Faye, E. 2011. “Race and Subjectivity in Heidegger’s Writings.” Philosophy Today: 268–281.
Faye, E. 2012. “Being, Time, Race and Extermination in Heidegger.” Journal of History of Philosophy 50, no. 1: 111–130.
Faye, E. 2014. “La ‘vision du monde’ antisémite de Heidegger.” In Heidegger, le sol, la communauté, la race, edited by Emmanuel Faye. Paris: Beauchesne, 2014.
Faye, E. 2014a. “Traduire Heidegger en français sans néologisme inutile.” In Heidegger, le sol,la communauté, la race, edited by Emmanuel Faye. Paris: Beauchesne.
Faye, E. 2016. Arendt et Heidegger: Extermination nazie et destruction de la pensée. Paris: Albin Michel.
Ferry, L. & Renaut, A. 1990. French Philosophy in the 60s: An Essay on Anti-Humanism. Translated by M.H.S. Cattan. Amhurst, MA: U. of Massachusetts.
Ferry, L. & Renaut, A. 1999. Heidegger and Modernity. Translated P. Franklin. Chicago: U. Chicago Press.
Foucault, M. 1983. “Preface” to Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated R. Hurley, M. Seem, & H.R. Lane. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Fried, G. & & R. Polt. 2000. “Translator’s Introduction.” In Martin Heidegger, Introduction to Metaphysics. Trans by G. Fried & R. Polt. Yale: Yale Note Bene.
Givsan, H. 2011. Une histoire consternante: pourquoi les philosophes se laissent corrompre par le “cas Heidegger”. Trans by Denis Trierweiler, Préface by Emmanuel Faye. Nanterre: Presses universitaires de Paris Ouest.
Göpffarth, J. 2020. “Rethinking the German Nation as German Dasein: Intellectuals and Heidegger’s philosophy in Contemporary German New Right Nationalism.” Journal of Political Ideologies 25 no, 3: 248-273.
Gross, R. 2007. Carl Schmitt and the Jews. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
Gross, R. 2017. “The ‘True Enemy’: Antisemitism in Carl Schmitt’s Life and Work”. In The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt, edited by Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons. Oxford: Oxford Handbooks Online.
Habermas, J. 1987. Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Translated Frederic Lawrence. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Heidegger, M. 1977. “The Word of Nietzsche: “God is Dead”, translated by W. Lovitt. In The question concerning Technology & Other Essays, pp. 53-114. New York: Harper Perennial.
Heidegger, M. 1985. “The Self-Assertion of the German University and The Rectorate 1933/34: Facts and Thoughts”, translated by K. Harries. Review of Metaphysics 38, no. 3: 467-502.
Heidegger, M. 1988a. “Labour Service of the University, June 20, 1933”, translated W. S. Lewis. New German Critique 45: 98-99.
Heidegger, M. 1988b. “German Students” (November 3, 1933), translated by W. S. Lewis. New German Critique 45: 101-102.
Heidegger, M. 2000. Introduction to Metaphysics. Translated G. Fried & R. Polt. Yale: Yale Note Bene.
Heidegger, M. 2001. Gesamtausgabe, Band 36/37: Sein und Wahrheit. Freiburger Vorlesungen Sommersemester 1933 und Wintersemester 1933/1934. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann.
Heidegger, M. 2008. “The Question Concerning Technology”. Basic Writings. Harper Perennial.
Heidegger, M. 2008a. “The Letter on Humanism”. Basic Writings. Harper Perennial.
Heidegger, M. 2010. “On the Essence of Truth.” In Being and Truth, edited and translated by Gregory Fried & Richard Polt. Indiana: Bloomington.
Heidegger, M. 2013. Essence and Concept of Nature, History, and State. Translated and edited by Richard Polt & Gregory Fried. London: Bloomsbury.
Heidegger, M. 2014. Überlegungen VII–XI (Schwarze Hefte 1938/9). Vol. 95 of Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Frankfurt: Klostermann.
Heidegger, M. 2015. Anmerkungen I-V. Vol. 97 of Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe Edited by Peter Trawny. Frankfurt: Klostermann.
Heidegger, M. 2018. Überlegungen XII–LXV (Schwarze Hefte 1939–41). Vol. 96 of Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Frankfurt: Klostermann.
Herf, J. Reactionary Modernism: Technology, culture, and politics in Weimar and the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Kalyvas, A. 1999. “Who’s Afraid of Carl Schmitt?” Philosophy & Social Criticism 25, no. 5: 87-125.
Kalyvas, A. 2009. Democracy and the Politics of the Extraordinary: Max Weber, Carl Schmitt, and Hannah Arendt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kervegan. 2005. “Se servir des écrits de Carl Schmitt.” Le Monde 04 avril 2005. Online https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2005/04/04/se-servir-des-ecrits-de-carl-schmitt_634999_3246.html.
Kisiel, T. 2005. “Heidegger’s ‘Gesamtausgabe‘: An International Scandal of Scholarship.” Philosophy Today 39 (Spring): 3–15.
Knowles, A. 2018. Heidegger’s Fascist Affinities. A Politics of Silence. CA: Stanford University Press.
Koonz, C. 2003. The Nazi Conscience. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap, Harvard University Press.
Koves, M. 1997. “Lukács and Fascism”. Social Scientist 25, no 7-8: 27-38.
Lilla, M. The Reckless Mind: Intellectuals in Politics. New York: New York Review of Books Press.
Löwy, M. 1979. Georg Lukács: From Romanticism to Bolshevism. Translated P. Camiller. London: Verso.
Lukács, G. 1948. “The Crisis of Bourgeois Philosophy.” Existentialismus oder Marxismus, Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin, 1951. Online at https://www.marxists.org/archive/Lukács//works/1948/bourgeois-philosophy.htm.
Lukács, G. 1951. “Heidegger Redivivus”. Existentialismus oder Marxismus, pp. 161-83. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin. Online at https://www.marxists.org/archive//Lukács/works/1951/heidegger.htm.
Lukács, G. 1969. “The Responsibility of Intellectuals”. Telos 21: 123-31.
Lukács, G. 1980. Destruction of Reason. Trans. P. Palmer. UK: Merlin Press.
McCormick, J. 1997. Carl Schmitt’s Critique of Liberalism: Against Politics as Technology. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mitchell, A. & Gordon, P. eds. 2017. Heidegger’s Black Notebooks: Responses to AntiSemitism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Morat, D. 2012. “No Inner Remigration: Martin Heidegger, Ernst Jünger, and the Early Federal Republic of Germany”, Modern Intellectual History 9. 661-670.
Mouffe, C. 1999. “Carl Schmitt and the Paradox of Liberal Democracy”. In Chantal Mouffe ed. The Challenge of the Exception, 38-53. London: Verso.
Mouffe, C. 1999b. “Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?” Social Research 66, no. 4: 748-758.
Müller, J-W. 2003. A Dangerous Mind: Carl Schmitt in Postwar European Thought. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Odysseos, L. & Petito, F. 2007. The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal War and the Crisis of Global Order. London: Taylor & Francis.
Olick, J. K. 2005. In the House of the Hangman: The Agonies of German Defeat, 1943–1949. Chicago Press.
Payk, M. 2012. “A Post-Liberal Order? Hans Zehrer and Conservative Consensus Building in 1950s West Germany.” Modern Intellectual History 9. 681-698.
Paxton, A. 2004. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Pettigrew, D. & Raffoul, F. eds. 2009. An Exceptional Reception: French Interpretations of Heidegger. New York: SUNY.
Piccone, P & G. L. Ulmen. 1987. “Introduction to Carl Schmitt”. Telos 72: 3-14.
Rasch, W. ed. 2005. World Orders: Confronting Carl Schmitt’s the Nomos of the Earth. Durham, NC: Duke UP.
Rehmann, J. 2022. Deconstructing Postmodernist Nietzscheanism: Deleuze and Foucault. Leiden: Brill.
Ringer, F. 1969. The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890-1933. Harvard University Press.
Rockmore, T. 1992. Irrationalism: Lukács and the Marxist View of Reason. Temple University Press.
Rockmore, T. 1995. Heidegger and French Philosophy: Humanism, Antihumanism and Being. London: Routledge.
Rockmore, T. Scheuerman, Bill. 1991. “Review: Carl Schmitt and the Nazis”. German Politics & Society 23: 71-79.
Rockmore, T. 1999. Carl Schmitt: The End of Law. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Schmitt, C. 1932. Der Begriff Politischen. Munchen, Lepizig: Verlag von Duncker & Humblot.
Schmitt, C. 1983. The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy. Translated by Ellen Kennedy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Schmitt, C. 1991. Glossarium. Aufzeichnungen der Jahre 1947-1951. Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, 1991
Schmitt, C. 1985b. Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Translated by Guy Oakes. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Schmitt, C. 1996. The Concept of the Political. Trans. G. Schwab. Chicago: U. Chicago Press.
Schmitt, C. 1996b. The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes. Translated by G. Schwab and E. Hilfstein. Westport: Greenwood.
Schmitt, C. 2003a. “Le Führer protège le droit. À propos du discours d’Adolf Hitler au Reichstag du 13 juillet 1934.” Trans into the French by Köller, M. & Séglard, D. Cités 2, no. 14, 165–171.
Schmitt, C. 2003b. “La science allemande du droit dans sa lutte contre l’esprit juif”, translated by Mira Köller and Dominique Séglard Cités, no. 14, Nouvelles guerres de religion? Guerres saintes, conflits ethniques, chocs des civilisations: 173-180.
Schmitt, C. 2003c. Ex Captivitate Salus. Expériences des années 1945-1947. Textes présentés, traduits et annotés par A. Doremus, Paris, Vrin, 2003.
Schmitt, C. 2004. “Glossarium”, translated by Denis Trierweiler. Cités 17: 181 à 210
Schmitt, C. 2005a. “La Constitution de la liberté” (Ier octobre 1935). On Yves Charles Zarka, Un detail nazi dans la pensée de Carl Schmitt, 53-58.
Schmitt, C. 2005b. “La législation national-socialiste et la reserve de l’ordre public dans le droit international privé” (28 novembre 1935). In Y.C. Zarka, Un detail nazi dans la pensée de Carl Schmitt, 59-88.
Schrift, A.D. 1995. Nietzsche’s French Legacy: A Genealogy of Poststructuralism. London: Routledge.
Schwab, G. 1970. The Challenge of the Exception: An Introduction to the Political Ideas of Carl Schmitt between 1921 and 1936. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
Sharpe, M. 2018. “On Reading Heidegger—After the ‘Heidegger Case’?” Critical Horizons 19, no. 4: 334-360.
Sheehan, T. 2016. “L’affaire Faye: Faut-il brûler Heidegger?” Philosophy Today 60, no. 2: 481-535.
Siegel, Z. 2014. “Seven New Translated Excerpts on Heidegger’s Anti-semitism”. http://www.critical-theory.com/7-new-translated-excerpts-on-heideggers-anti-semitism/2/.
Snedeker, G. 1985/86. “The Politics of Epistemology: Georg Lukács and the Critique of Irrationalism.” Science & Society 49, no. 4: 437–50.
Specter, M. 2014. “What’s ‘Left’ in Schmitt? From Aversion to Appropriation in Contemporary Political Theory”, 1-20. In Jens Meierhenrich & Oliver Simons eds. The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt. Oxford: Oxford Handbooks Online.
Sternhell, Z. 2009. The Anti-enlightenment Tradition. London: Yale University Press.
Tertulian, N. 2001.“Le juriste et le Führer.” Cités 6: 37-4
Tertulian, N. 2004. “Carl Schmitt vu par les chercheurs allemands.” Cités 17, Résistances de la société civile: À l’époque de la mondialisation: 157-164.
Tertulian, N. 2005. “Une pensée au coeur du système nazi,”. Le Monde. Tribune. 13 avril 2005.
Tertulian, N. 2009. “Scenes sur la vie philosophique sous le IIIe Reich Steding, Schmitt, Heidegger.” In Yves Charles Zarka ed., Carl Schmitt ou le mythe du politique, 121-160. Paris: PUF.
Teschke, B.G. 2011. “Fatal Attraction: A Critique of Carl Schmitt’s International Political and Legal Theory.” International Theory 3, no. 2: 179 – 227.
Traverso, E. 2020. “Dialectic of Irrationalism: Historicizing Lukács’ Destruction of Reason”. In Georg Lukács, The Destruction of Reason. Verso Kindle.
Trawny, P. 2014. Heidegger und der Mythos der jüdischen Weltverschwörung. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann.
Trawny, P. 2015. Heidegger and the Myth of a Jewish World Conspiracy, Andrew J. Mitchell (tr.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Trierweiler, D. 2009. “Une étrange édition: Schmitt expurgé”. Cités no. 17: 173-179.
Waite, G. 1996. Nietzsche’s Corps/e: Aesthetics, Politics, Prophecy, Or, The Spectacular Technoculture of Everyday Life. Durham, NC: Duke UP.
Weinrach. 1946. Hitler’s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes Against the Jewish People. New York: Yiddish Scientific Institute.
Wolfson, E. 2018. The Duplicity of Philosophy’s Shadow: Heidegger, Nazism, and the Jewish Other. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wolin, R. 1988. The French Heidegger Debate. New German Critique 45 (1988): 135-161
Wolin, R. 1990. “Carl Schmitt, Political Existentialism, and the Total State.” Theory and Society 19, no. 4: 389-416.
Wolin, R. 2019. The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism. 2nd edition. Woodstock, UK: Princeton University Press.
Wolin, R. 2023. Heidegger in Ruins: Between Philosophy and Ideology. New Haven: Yale UP.
Woods, R. 1996. The Conservative Revolution in Weimar Germany. London: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Zarka, Y.C. 2004. “Présentation générale Carl Schmitt, après le nazisme.” Cités 1, no. 17: 145-148
Zarka, Y.C. 2005. Un detail nazi dans la pensée de Carl Schmitt. La justification des lois de Nuremberg du 15 September 1935. Paris: PUF.
Zarka, Y.C. 2007. Carl Schmitt ou la triple trahison de Hobbes. Une histoirenazie de la philosophie politique? Droits 45, no. 1: 177-190.
Badiou, A. 2014. “Lettre d’Alain Badiou à propos d’une recension autour de Faye/Heidegger sur Actu Philosophia.” http://strassdelaphilosophie.blogspot.fr/2014/04/lettre-dalain-badiou-propos-dune. html.
Balakrishnan, G. 2000. The Enemy: An Intellectual Portrait of Carl Schmitt. London: Verso.
Bendersky, J. 1983. Carl Schmitt: Theorist for the Reich. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Björk, M. & J. 2019. Heidegger’s Black Notebooks and the Future of Theology. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chandler, D. 2008. “The Revival of Carl Schmitt in International Relations: The Last Refuge of Critical Theorists?” Millennium–Journal of International Studies vol 37(1): 27-48.
Chapoutot, J. (2012). Le nazisme et l’Antiquité. Paris: PUF.
Cusset, F. 2008. French Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, & Co. Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States. Translated by J. Fort. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Derrida, J. 1989-90. “The Force of Law: The Mystical Bases of Authority”. Translated by M. Quaintance. Cardozo Law Review 11: 920-1045.
Di Cesare, D. 2018. Heidegger and the Jews: The Black Notebooks. Cambridge: Polity.
Eksteins, M. 2002. The Rites of Spring. The Great War and the Birth of Modern Culture. Houghton Mifflin.
Farin, I. & Malpas, G. 2016. Reading Heidegger’s “Black notebooks: 1931-1941. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Faye, E. 2009. Martin Heidegger: The Introduction of Nazism Into Philosophy. Trans by Michael B. Smith. Yale: Yale University Press.
Faye, E. 2011. “Race and Subjectivity in Heidegger’s Writings.” Philosophy Today: 268–281.
Faye, E. 2012. “Being, Time, Race and Extermination in Heidegger.” Journal of History of Philosophy 50, no. 1: 111–130.
Faye, E. 2014. “La ‘vision du monde’ antisémite de Heidegger.” In Heidegger, le sol, la communauté, la race, edited by Emmanuel Faye. Paris: Beauchesne, 2014.
Faye, E. 2014a. “Traduire Heidegger en français sans néologisme inutile.” In Heidegger, le sol,la communauté, la race, edited by Emmanuel Faye. Paris: Beauchesne.
Faye, E. 2016. Arendt et Heidegger: Extermination nazie et destruction de la pensée. Paris: Albin Michel.
Ferry, L. & Renaut, A. 1990. French Philosophy in the 60s: An Essay on Anti-Humanism. Translated by M.H.S. Cattan. Amhurst, MA: U. of Massachusetts.
Ferry, L. & Renaut, A. 1999. Heidegger and Modernity. Translated P. Franklin. Chicago: U. Chicago Press.
Foucault, M. 1983. “Preface” to Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Translated R. Hurley, M. Seem, & H.R. Lane. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Fried, G. & & R. Polt. 2000. “Translator’s Introduction.” In Martin Heidegger, Introduction to Metaphysics. Trans by G. Fried & R. Polt. Yale: Yale Note Bene.
Givsan, H. 2011. Une histoire consternante: pourquoi les philosophes se laissent corrompre par le “cas Heidegger”. Trans by Denis Trierweiler, Préface by Emmanuel Faye. Nanterre: Presses universitaires de Paris Ouest.
Göpffarth, J. 2020. “Rethinking the German Nation as German Dasein: Intellectuals and Heidegger’s philosophy in Contemporary German New Right Nationalism.” Journal of Political Ideologies 25 no, 3: 248-273.
Gross, R. 2007. Carl Schmitt and the Jews. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
Gross, R. 2017. “The ‘True Enemy’: Antisemitism in Carl Schmitt’s Life and Work”. In The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt, edited by Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons. Oxford: Oxford Handbooks Online.
Habermas, J. 1987. Philosophical Discourse of Modernity. Translated Frederic Lawrence. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Heidegger, M. 1977. “The Word of Nietzsche: “God is Dead”, translated by W. Lovitt. In The question concerning Technology & Other Essays, pp. 53-114. New York: Harper Perennial.
Heidegger, M. 1985. “The Self-Assertion of the German University and The Rectorate 1933/34: Facts and Thoughts”, translated by K. Harries. Review of Metaphysics 38, no. 3: 467-502.
Heidegger, M. 1988a. “Labour Service of the University, June 20, 1933”, translated W. S. Lewis. New German Critique 45: 98-99.
Heidegger, M. 1988b. “German Students” (November 3, 1933), translated by W. S. Lewis. New German Critique 45: 101-102.
Heidegger, M. 2000. Introduction to Metaphysics. Translated G. Fried & R. Polt. Yale: Yale Note Bene.
Heidegger, M. 2001. Gesamtausgabe, Band 36/37: Sein und Wahrheit. Freiburger Vorlesungen Sommersemester 1933 und Wintersemester 1933/1934. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann.
Heidegger, M. 2008. “The Question Concerning Technology”. Basic Writings. Harper Perennial.
Heidegger, M. 2008a. “The Letter on Humanism”. Basic Writings. Harper Perennial.
Heidegger, M. 2010. “On the Essence of Truth.” In Being and Truth, edited and translated by Gregory Fried & Richard Polt. Indiana: Bloomington.
Heidegger, M. 2013. Essence and Concept of Nature, History, and State. Translated and edited by Richard Polt & Gregory Fried. London: Bloomsbury.
Heidegger, M. 2014. Überlegungen VII–XI (Schwarze Hefte 1938/9). Vol. 95 of Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Frankfurt: Klostermann.
Heidegger, M. 2015. Anmerkungen I-V. Vol. 97 of Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe Edited by Peter Trawny. Frankfurt: Klostermann.
Heidegger, M. 2018. Überlegungen XII–LXV (Schwarze Hefte 1939–41). Vol. 96 of Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe. Frankfurt: Klostermann.
Herf, J. Reactionary Modernism: Technology, culture, and politics in Weimar and the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Kalyvas, A. 1999. “Who’s Afraid of Carl Schmitt?” Philosophy & Social Criticism 25, no. 5: 87-125.
Kalyvas, A. 2009. Democracy and the Politics of the Extraordinary: Max Weber, Carl Schmitt, and Hannah Arendt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kervegan. 2005. “Se servir des écrits de Carl Schmitt.” Le Monde 04 avril 2005. Online https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2005/04/04/se-servir-des-ecrits-de-carl-schmitt_634999_3246.html.
Kisiel, T. 2005. “Heidegger’s ‘Gesamtausgabe‘: An International Scandal of Scholarship.” Philosophy Today 39 (Spring): 3–15.
Knowles, A. 2018. Heidegger’s Fascist Affinities. A Politics of Silence. CA: Stanford University Press.
Koonz, C. 2003. The Nazi Conscience. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap, Harvard University Press.
Koves, M. 1997. “Lukács and Fascism”. Social Scientist 25, no 7-8: 27-38.
Lilla, M. The Reckless Mind: Intellectuals in Politics. New York: New York Review of Books Press.
Löwy, M. 1979. Georg Lukács: From Romanticism to Bolshevism. Translated P. Camiller. London: Verso.
Lukács, G. 1948. “The Crisis of Bourgeois Philosophy.” Existentialismus oder Marxismus, Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin, 1951. Online at https://www.marxists.org/archive/Lukács//works/1948/bourgeois-philosophy.htm.
Lukács, G. 1951. “Heidegger Redivivus”. Existentialismus oder Marxismus, pp. 161-83. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin. Online at https://www.marxists.org/archive//Lukács/works/1951/heidegger.htm.
Lukács, G. 1969. “The Responsibility of Intellectuals”. Telos 21: 123-31.
Lukács, G. 1980. Destruction of Reason. Trans. P. Palmer. UK: Merlin Press.
McCormick, J. 1997. Carl Schmitt’s Critique of Liberalism: Against Politics as Technology. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mitchell, A. & Gordon, P. eds. 2017. Heidegger’s Black Notebooks: Responses to AntiSemitism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Morat, D. 2012. “No Inner Remigration: Martin Heidegger, Ernst Jünger, and the Early Federal Republic of Germany”, Modern Intellectual History 9. 661-670.
Mouffe, C. 1999. “Carl Schmitt and the Paradox of Liberal Democracy”. In Chantal Mouffe ed. The Challenge of the Exception, 38-53. London: Verso.
Mouffe, C. 1999b. “Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?” Social Research 66, no. 4: 748-758.
Müller, J-W. 2003. A Dangerous Mind: Carl Schmitt in Postwar European Thought. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Odysseos, L. & Petito, F. 2007. The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt: Terror, Liberal War and the Crisis of Global Order. London: Taylor & Francis.
Olick, J. K. 2005. In the House of the Hangman: The Agonies of German Defeat, 1943–1949. Chicago Press.
Payk, M. 2012. “A Post-Liberal Order? Hans Zehrer and Conservative Consensus Building in 1950s West Germany.” Modern Intellectual History 9. 681-698.
Paxton, A. 2004. The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Pettigrew, D. & Raffoul, F. eds. 2009. An Exceptional Reception: French Interpretations of Heidegger. New York: SUNY.
Piccone, P & G. L. Ulmen. 1987. “Introduction to Carl Schmitt”. Telos 72: 3-14.
Rasch, W. ed. 2005. World Orders: Confronting Carl Schmitt’s the Nomos of the Earth. Durham, NC: Duke UP.
Rehmann, J. 2022. Deconstructing Postmodernist Nietzscheanism: Deleuze and Foucault. Leiden: Brill.
Ringer, F. 1969. The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890-1933. Harvard University Press.
Rockmore, T. 1992. Irrationalism: Lukács and the Marxist View of Reason. Temple University Press.
Rockmore, T. 1995. Heidegger and French Philosophy: Humanism, Antihumanism and Being. London: Routledge.
Rockmore, T. Scheuerman, Bill. 1991. “Review: Carl Schmitt and the Nazis”. German Politics & Society 23: 71-79.
Rockmore, T. 1999. Carl Schmitt: The End of Law. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Schmitt, C. 1932. Der Begriff Politischen. Munchen, Lepizig: Verlag von Duncker & Humblot.
Schmitt, C. 1983. The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy. Translated by Ellen Kennedy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Schmitt, C. 1991. Glossarium. Aufzeichnungen der Jahre 1947-1951. Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, 1991
Schmitt, C. 1985b. Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Translated by Guy Oakes. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Schmitt, C. 1996. The Concept of the Political. Trans. G. Schwab. Chicago: U. Chicago Press.
Schmitt, C. 1996b. The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes. Translated by G. Schwab and E. Hilfstein. Westport: Greenwood.
Schmitt, C. 2003a. “Le Führer protège le droit. À propos du discours d’Adolf Hitler au Reichstag du 13 juillet 1934.” Trans into the French by Köller, M. & Séglard, D. Cités 2, no. 14, 165–171.
Schmitt, C. 2003b. “La science allemande du droit dans sa lutte contre l’esprit juif”, translated by Mira Köller and Dominique Séglard Cités, no. 14, Nouvelles guerres de religion? Guerres saintes, conflits ethniques, chocs des civilisations: 173-180.
Schmitt, C. 2003c. Ex Captivitate Salus. Expériences des années 1945-1947. Textes présentés, traduits et annotés par A. Doremus, Paris, Vrin, 2003.
Schmitt, C. 2004. “Glossarium”, translated by Denis Trierweiler. Cités 17: 181 à 210
Schmitt, C. 2005a. “La Constitution de la liberté” (Ier octobre 1935). On Yves Charles Zarka, Un detail nazi dans la pensée de Carl Schmitt, 53-58.
Schmitt, C. 2005b. “La législation national-socialiste et la reserve de l’ordre public dans le droit international privé” (28 novembre 1935). In Y.C. Zarka, Un detail nazi dans la pensée de Carl Schmitt, 59-88.
Schrift, A.D. 1995. Nietzsche’s French Legacy: A Genealogy of Poststructuralism. London: Routledge.
Schwab, G. 1970. The Challenge of the Exception: An Introduction to the Political Ideas of Carl Schmitt between 1921 and 1936. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
Sharpe, M. 2018. “On Reading Heidegger—After the ‘Heidegger Case’?” Critical Horizons 19, no. 4: 334-360.
Sheehan, T. 2016. “L’affaire Faye: Faut-il brûler Heidegger?” Philosophy Today 60, no. 2: 481-535.
Siegel, Z. 2014. “Seven New Translated Excerpts on Heidegger’s Anti-semitism”. http://www.critical-theory.com/7-new-translated-excerpts-on-heideggers-anti-semitism/2/.
Snedeker, G. 1985/86. “The Politics of Epistemology: Georg Lukács and the Critique of Irrationalism.” Science & Society 49, no. 4: 437–50.
Specter, M. 2014. “What’s ‘Left’ in Schmitt? From Aversion to Appropriation in Contemporary Political Theory”, 1-20. In Jens Meierhenrich & Oliver Simons eds. The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt. Oxford: Oxford Handbooks Online.
Sternhell, Z. 2009. The Anti-enlightenment Tradition. London: Yale University Press.
Tertulian, N. 2001.“Le juriste et le Führer.” Cités 6: 37-4
Tertulian, N. 2004. “Carl Schmitt vu par les chercheurs allemands.” Cités 17, Résistances de la société civile: À l’époque de la mondialisation: 157-164.
Tertulian, N. 2005. “Une pensée au coeur du système nazi,”. Le Monde. Tribune. 13 avril 2005.
Tertulian, N. 2009. “Scenes sur la vie philosophique sous le IIIe Reich Steding, Schmitt, Heidegger.” In Yves Charles Zarka ed., Carl Schmitt ou le mythe du politique, 121-160. Paris: PUF.
Teschke, B.G. 2011. “Fatal Attraction: A Critique of Carl Schmitt’s International Political and Legal Theory.” International Theory 3, no. 2: 179 – 227.
Traverso, E. 2020. “Dialectic of Irrationalism: Historicizing Lukács’ Destruction of Reason”. In Georg Lukács, The Destruction of Reason. Verso Kindle.
Trawny, P. 2014. Heidegger und der Mythos der jüdischen Weltverschwörung. Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann.
Trawny, P. 2015. Heidegger and the Myth of a Jewish World Conspiracy, Andrew J. Mitchell (tr.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Trierweiler, D. 2009. “Une étrange édition: Schmitt expurgé”. Cités no. 17: 173-179.
Waite, G. 1996. Nietzsche’s Corps/e: Aesthetics, Politics, Prophecy, Or, The Spectacular Technoculture of Everyday Life. Durham, NC: Duke UP.
Weinrach. 1946. Hitler’s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes Against the Jewish People. New York: Yiddish Scientific Institute.
Wolfson, E. 2018. The Duplicity of Philosophy’s Shadow: Heidegger, Nazism, and the Jewish Other. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wolin, R. 1988. The French Heidegger Debate. New German Critique 45 (1988): 135-161
Wolin, R. 1990. “Carl Schmitt, Political Existentialism, and the Total State.” Theory and Society 19, no. 4: 389-416.
Wolin, R. 2019. The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism. 2nd edition. Woodstock, UK: Princeton University Press.
Wolin, R. 2023. Heidegger in Ruins: Between Philosophy and Ideology. New Haven: Yale UP.
Woods, R. 1996. The Conservative Revolution in Weimar Germany. London: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Zarka, Y.C. 2004. “Présentation générale Carl Schmitt, après le nazisme.” Cités 1, no. 17: 145-148
Zarka, Y.C. 2005. Un detail nazi dans la pensée de Carl Schmitt. La justification des lois de Nuremberg du 15 September 1935. Paris: PUF.
Zarka, Y.C. 2007. Carl Schmitt ou la triple trahison de Hobbes. Une histoirenazie de la philosophie politique? Droits 45, no. 1: 177-190.
Issue
Section
Socialism Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
What Fascism? : Lukács, Heidegger, Schmitt, and National Socialism. (2025). World Marxist Review , 2(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.62834/9kjgzh13